Andrew Jackson Blackbird and the Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa

Andrew Jackson Blackbird helps negotiate treaty

July 31 marks an important date in the history of the Odawa (Ottawa) and Chippewa (Ojibwa) peoples of Michigan. The “Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa” was signed on July 31, 1855. The treaty established key land rights and protections for Native communities in the region. One of the central figures in this historic moment was Andrew Jackson Blackbird. He legacy still resonates today as an Odawa leader, interpreter, and historian.

Andrew J. Blackbird (c. 1815 – 1908) was a remarkable man born in the L’Arbre Croche area—now known as Harbor Springs, Michigan. He was the son of an Odawa chief, Makade-binesi (“Black Hawk”), whose name was mistranslated into English as “Blackbird.” Blackbird was raised steeped in Odawa traditions but also received formal education. He attended schools such as the Twinsburg Institute in Ohio and Eastern Michigan University. Though he never graduated, his thirst for knowledge and dedication to his people remained strong throughout his life.

A Lifetime of Advocacy

Blackbird played many roles throughout his lifetime. He served as an interpreter, translator, postmaster, and advocate. He worked tirelessly to help the Odawa and Chippewa peoples navigate the complicated and often unjust treaty processes with the U.S. government. As an interpreter and official witness, Blackbird was integral to the negotiation and signing of the 1855 treaty. A treaty which secured a large reservation for the Odawa in the Harbor Springs area.

Aside from his political efforts, Blackbird was also an author. In 1887, he published History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. The book is a crucial work preserving the stories, culture, and history of his people for future generations.

A Leader and a Friend

Blackbird’s contributions extended beyond the treaty table. He helped Native veterans claim pensions, assisted with land claims. He worked alongside advocates like Louise Obermiller to defend the rights of the Odawa and Ojibwa. In 1858, he settled permanently in Harbor Springs, where he became the town’s postmaster. A strong testament to his respected standing in both Native and non-Native communities.

Andrew Jackson Blackbird’s life and work provide a powerful example of leadership, resilience, and cultural preservation. His role in the 1855 treaty not only shaped the future of the Odawa and Chippewa peoples but also offers an enduring legacy for anyone interested in the rich history of Michigan’s Native communities. As we remember this day, we honor Blackbird’s dedication to bridging cultures and advocating for his people’s rights.